Covid19 Vaccines & Therapeutics

covid19_vaccines

COVID-19 Vaccines and Therapeutics

Clinical trials to investigate less common viral inhibitors against COVID-19

A recent paper reported an inhibitor effect of remdesivir (a new antiviral drug) and chloroquine (an old antimalarial drug) on the growth of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, and an early clinical trial conducted in COVID-19 Chinese patients showed that chloroquine had a significant effect, both in terms of clinical outcome and viral clearance, when compared to controls groups. GAUTRET et al
In particular, the effect of favipiravir and atazanavir was compared to those of the reference drugs (chloroquine, lopinavir, remdesivir) because favipiravir is considered as a drug candidate for clinical trials and atazanavir was recently predicted as the most potent antiviral drug by AI-inference modeling 13. Jeon et al
The antiviral efficiency of five FAD-approved drugs and two well-known broadspectrum antiviral drugs have been studied and it has been found that remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Yang et al
Several drugs, including lopinavir, remdesivir, and chloroquine, have been reported to be presumably effective in treating this disease. Matsuyama et al
It has been reported that the high levels of neutralizing antibodies have a protective effect on SARS-CoV infection, but the low neutralizing antibody is more susceptible to enhance the SARS-CoV infection and trigger antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) effect. Bao et al
It was reported that antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of SARS-CoV-2 due to prior exposure to other coronaviruses might also be involved in COVID-19. Yang et al
The RBD-based vaccine could induce neutralizing antibody responses and protection against SARS-CoV infection in the immunized animals, while it did not elicit ADE or other harmful immune responses, unlike the virus inactivated vaccines or full-length S protein-based vaccines as discussed. Yu et al
Although subunit vaccines based on the full-length S protein may elicit potent immune responses and/or protection, studies have found that antibodies induced by some of these vaccines mediate enhancement of viral infection in vitro, as in the case of SARS-CoV (Kam et al., 2007; Jaume et al., 2012), raising safety concerns for the development of full-length S protein-based subunit vaccines against SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Du et al

Drugs tried to treat COVID-19 patients.

The treatment that has so far been attempted showed that 75 patients were administrated existing antiviral drugs. Rothan et al
Antiviral drugs: lopinavir/ritonavir and ribavirin had been tried to treat SARS disease with apparent favorable clinical response. Wu et al
Antiviral drugs, including oseltamivir and ribavirin, had been applied to our patients. Xu et al
Considering the absence of specific drugs, a range of existing host-directed therapies could potentially be repurposed to treat COVID-19. Bennardo et al

Best animal models and their predictive value for a human vaccine.

As vaccine candidates are identified, the requirement of animal models for vaccine development and evaluation will be essential. Ralph et al
The C-score was used to estimate the quality of the models, which should be between -5.0 to 2; the higher the value, the higher the confidence in the model. Li et al
Apply the testing set to the best ANFIS model. Al-Qaness et al
The development of drugs is also hampered by various evaluation methods and animal models used for testing drug activity among different labs worldwide, which could postpone the selection of the best drug for clinical trials. Yu et al

Therapeutic (not vaccine) for the disease, and clinical effectiveness studies to discover therapeutics, to include antiviral agents.

Approaches to the development of anti-2019-nCoV include screening existing broad-spectrum antiviral drugs, repositioning of readily available clinical compounds, and de novo development of novel and specific agents for 2019-nCoV. LIU et al
We screened a panel of FDA-approved drugs to identify antiviral drug candidates for the treatment of COVID-19 and suggest the identified drug candidates may be considered for therapeutic development. Jeon et al

Identifying approaches for expanding the production capacity of newly proven therapeutics to ensure equitable and timely distribution to populations in need.

We hope that these insights may help to mitigate the global impacts of COVID-19 by guiding effective decision-making in both high-and low-resource countries, and may contribute to prospective improvements in screening policy for future emerging infections. Gnostic et al
The study provides a valuable tool that can help countries in Africa prioritize and allocate resources as they prepare to respond to the potential introduction and spread of COVID-19. Nkengasong et al
Intensive research on the novel emerging human infectious coronaviruses is urgently needed to elucidate their route of transmission and pathogenic mechanisms and to identify potential drug targets, which would promote the development of effective preventive and therapeutic countermeasures. Li et al
4, 5 Such analysis can inform predictions about potential future growth, 6 help estimate risk to other countries, 7 and guide the design of alternative interventions. Kucharski et al
The tool also allows tracking of new viral mutations as the outbreak expands globally, which may help to accelerate the development of novel diagnostics, drugs, and vaccines to stop the COVID-19 disease. Cleemput et al

Date	Authors	Title	LOE & Sample	Matches
2020	Wang et al	Science in the fight against the novel coronavirus disease Chin Med J (Engl)	II. Randomized Controlled Trial They performed a metagenomic analysis of respiratory tract specimens obtained from five patients suffering from pneumonia in question and identified the virus now known as 2019-nCoV as the causative agent.	As specific therapies targeting 2019-nCoV are lacking, it may be useful to repurpose drugs already licensed for marketing or clinical trials to treat COVID-19 patients in emergency response; researchers are actively working to identify such drugs. Clinical trials are also underway to validate the effectiveness of various other licensed drugs against COVID-19.
2020	Lee et al	Emerging threats from zoonotic coronaviruses-from SARS and MERS to 2019-nCoV Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection	IV. Prevalence Study	Potential of lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra), a combination of protease inhibitors used to treat and prevent HIV/AIDS, in the treatment of 2019-nCoV infection.
2020	Wu et al	The outbreak of COVID-19: An overview Journal of the Chinese Medical Association: JCMA	IV. Prevalence Study Of the 59 suspected cases, 41 patients were confirmed by next-generation sequencing or real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).	Antiviral drugs: lopinavir/ritonavir and ribavirin had been tried to treat SARS disease with apparent favorable clinical response.
2020	Wu et al	Overview of The 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): The Pathogen of Severe Specific Contagious Pneumonia (SSCP) J Chin Med Assoc	IV. Prevalence Study Of the 59 suspected cases, 41 patients were confirmed by next-generation sequencing or real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).	Antiviral drugs: lopinavir/ritonavir and ribavirin had been tried to treat SARS disease with apparent favorable clinical response.
2020-02-04	Gao et al	Machine intelligence design of 2019-nCoV drugs biorxiv	IV. Other	Finally, the effectiveness of some anti-HIV/AIDS drugs for treating 2019-nCoV is analyzed. The potential effectiveness of treating 2019-nCoV by using some existing HIV drugs is also analyzed.
2020-02-11	Abdelmageed et al	Design of multi epitope-based peptide vaccine against E protein of human COVID-19: An immunoinformatics approach biorxiv	IV. Other	Although both flu and anti-HIV drugs are used currently in China for treatment of COVID-19, and chloroquine phosphate, an old drug for the treatment of malaria, has recently found to have apparent efficacy and acceptable safety against 79]; nevertheless more studies are required to standardize these therapies.
2020-02-20	Ling et al	COVID-19: A critical care perspective informed by lessons learned from other viral epidemics Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain Medicine	IV. Prevalence Study	Specific treatments such as the use of corticosteroids to control the inflammatory response, and antivirals, particularly the combination of lopinavir/ritonavir and ribavirin have been used, but are unproven to improve outcomes.
2020-02-25	Han et al	Coronavirus 2019-nCoV: A brief perspective from the front line Journal of Infection	II. Randomized Controlled Trial 24 The most common symptoms are fever (87.9%), fatigue (69.6%), dry cough (67.7%), and myalgia (34.8%), and these are accompanied with rhinobyon, rhinorrhoea, pharyngalgia, and diarrhea in few patients 24 ( Table 1 ) of these patients were characterized by dyspnea and hypoxemia, which can rapidly progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), septic shock, metabolic acidosis, coagulation dysfunction, and even multiple organ dysfunction syndromes (MODS) in one week.	In addition, based on the successful therapy of SARS-CoV, a series of effective treatments have been adopted for patients with 2019-nCoV.
2020-02-26	Rothan et al	The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak Journal of Autoimmunity	III-2. Cross-Sectional Control Ten genome sequences of COVID-19 obtained from a total of nine patients exhibited a 99.98% sequence identity.	The treatment that has so far been attempted showed that 75 patients were administrated existing antiviral drugs. Thus, these therapeutic agents can be considered to treat COVID-19 infection.
2020-02-26	Yang et al	Clinical characteristics and imaging manifestations of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19):A multi-center study in Wenzhou city, Zhejiang, China Journal of Infection	III-2. Retrospective Cohort The symptoms of these 12 patients included fever (8 patients), cough (3 patients), expectoration (1 patient), headache (1 patient), sore throat (2 patients), snotty (1 patient), diarrhea (1 patient).	As far as treating patients is concerned, antiviral treatment has been used for COVID-19.
2020-02-28	Shah et al	Guide to Understanding the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Mayo Clinic Proceedings	IV. Prevalence Study	Treatments attempted included corticosteroids and ribavirin, which were not found to be beneficial.
2020-03-03	Yang et al	The deadly coronaviruses: The 2003 SARS pandemic and the 2020 novel coronavirus epidemic in China Journal of Autoimmunity	IV. Prevalence Study In Wang's study, of the 36 patients in the ICU, four patients received high-flow oxygen therapy, 15 patients received non-invasive ventilation, and 17 patients received invasive ventilation (four patients switched to ECMO).	The antiviral efficiency of five FAD-approved drugs and two well-known broadspectrum antiviral drugs have been studied and it has been found that remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in vitro.
2020-03-12	Wang et al	Early, low-dose and short-term application of corticosteroid treatment in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia: single-center experience from Wuhan, China medrxiv	IV. Prevalence Study Among the 46 patients, 27 patients suffered from fever(?37.3?) on admission, and 15 patients received methylprednisolone therapy, while the remaining patients not.	Corticosteroids is widely used as therapy for ARDS and have been used to treat SARS with proof of efficacy, which could significantly decrease the mortality of severe SARS patients.
2020-03-13	Trilla et al	One world, one health: The novel coronavirus COVID-19 epidemic Medicina Clínica (English Edition)	IV. Other	different experimental treatments with antiviral drugs (Lopinavir/Ritonavir; Remdisivir) and interferon are being used.
2020-03-19	Chen et al	Clinical progression of patients with COVID-19 in Shanghai, China Journal of Infection	IV. Prevalence Study As of Feb 6, 2020, a total of 249 patients were enrolled in this study.	Antiviral drugs (e.g., lopinavir/ritonavir, arbidol) were tried in a small proportion of patients.
2020-03-19	Arshad Ali et al	The outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)—An emerging global health threat Journal of Infection and Public Health	IV. Prevalence Study In 2002, a pandemic of SARS occurred endangering the lives of 8098 individuals with a mortality of 774 patients.	Randomized controlled trials are being conducted to evaluate the potential of a combination of lopinavir and ritonavir which showed promising effect against MERS-CoV to treat infected 2019-nCoV patients.
2020-03-31	Yu et al	Measures for diagnosing and treating infections by a novel coronavirus responsible for a pneumonia outbreak originating in Wuhan, China Microbes and Infection	IV. Computer Model	So far, the most common therapies tried in patients with CoVs are ribavirin, lopinavir/ritonavir, IFN, or their combinations.
2020-05-01	Elfiky et al	Anti-HCV, nucleotide inhibitors, repurposing against COVID-19 Life Sciences	IV. Other	Ribavirin is a broad-acting antiviral drug used to treat different viruses in combination with immunomodulators or direct-acting antivirals

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

Covid19 Vaccines & Therapeutics

COVID-19 Vaccines and Therapeutics

Best animal models and their predictive value for a human vaccine.